County in motion · 2010–2024 · against the county median
Tipperary
In 2024, Tipperary had house sale price 19.7% below the county median; social benefits per person 10.6% above the county median; disposable income per person 11.0% above the county median; jobs per 1,000 residents 1.8% below the county median. The county median is worked out separately for each measure across the 26 counties (the average of the two middle values), so it is not a real county and is not weighted by population; these are positions, not a verdict.
Money measures are shown nominal, as published (not adjusted for inflation). Show real terms
Tipperary as a multiple of the county median
Jobs per 1,000 residents×0.73 2010×0.98 2024
House sale price×0.95 2010×0.80 2024
Social benefits per person×1.10 2010×1.21 2016 furthest from the median×1.11 2024
Disposable income per person×1.20 2010×1.11 2024
How these numbers were picked (a fixed rule, the same for every county, never chosen by eye): for each measure, the first year, the year furthest from the county median (the largest multiple or fraction of it, so ×2 and ÷2 count as equally far; the earliest year on an exact tie) and the latest year. The measure listed first is the one whose furthest year is furthest from the median (on a tie, in the order price, jobs, income).
20102024
Annual · 2010–2024 · multiple of the county median, log scale
2024
Price: PSRA Residential Property Price Register. Income and social benefits: CSO PxStat County Incomes (benefits per person are a modelled estimate, shown as published; a 3D position says only how a county compares with the median). Jobs, an extra: CSO PxStat table RAA02 (county estimate) (jobs are a CSO county estimate, table RAA02). Money in nominal, as published. Axes show each value divided by that year's county median, on a log scale. The county median is not a real county and not population-weighted. Measures shown together are not claimed to affect each other. Dots are one fixed size; size carries no value. Missing values are hatched and never zero: NP not published (the publisher has no value here for this period); NS not yet settled (the period is still open or provisional, so no comparable full-period value exists yet). Sources and licences: House sale price: Property Services Regulatory Authority, Residential Property Price Register (national, PPR-ALL), licence PSI Regulations (evidence: publisher_page). Conditions: acknowledge the source and Property Services Regulatory Authority's copyright; reproduce the information accurately; do not use it in a misleading way; not for the principal purpose of advertising or promoting a product or service. Social benefits per person, Disposable income per person, Jobs per 1,000 residents: Central Statistics Office, RAA02 — Estimates of Household Income (county incomes, social benefits and persons at work), licence CC BY 4.0 (evidence: machine_readable). Data as of 2026-10-19. Frame generated 2026-10-19. Reference fr1-623e8a60b7.
● Tipperary: its path to the selected year, pale to bright by year, with a dashed drop-line and shadow on the floor○ the comparison county◆ county median (the centre of every axis)● the other counties, that year
House sale priceSocial benefits per personDisposable income per personJobs per 1,000 residents
House sale price€212,269×0.80 the county median (-19.7%)rank 20 of 26 (1 = highest)
Social benefits per person€8,758×1.11 the county median (+10.6%)rank 4 of 26 (1 = highest)
Disposable income per person€30,654×1.11 the county median (+11.0%)rank 5 of 26 (1 = highest)
Jobs per 1,000 residents (an extra: not in the 3D view)453×0.98 the county median (-1.8%)rank 15 of 26 (1 = highest)
Every county's shape, on one scale
Each tile is one county's path from 2010 to 2024, measured against the county median for the same year, so the shared national trend is taken out and what is left is where the county sat among the counties. Across: House sale price (÷2.8 to ×2.8); up: Disposable income per person (÷1.4 to ×1.4), both on the same fixed log scale as the 3D view. The cross is the county median. Hollow ring: 2010. Filled dot: 2024. White dot: the selected year. Tiles are in alphabetical order; nothing groups counties. Every position drawn here is a multiple printed in the grid below. Pick a tile to open that county.
Position on the grid is rough geography, not a grouping. Sparkline: across is the year, up is the same fixed log scale as the 3D view, the dashed line is the county median; a missing year breaks the line. Change: one segment from the first to the last year with a value.
Where every county sits
Each county is coloured by its multiple of the county median for the selected measure and year (the year control above drives it). Pick a county to open its page. Small islands are not drawn on the map; every county is in the grid and the table below.
÷2.8×2.8
Colour scale: the county median is the middle of the bar. Counties with no complete value for the year are grey. Colour shows position, not good or bad. Missing values are hatched and never zero: NP not published (the publisher has no value here for this period); NS not yet settled (the period is still open or provisional, so no comparable full-period value exists yet).
Against the county median, year by year
Coloured line: Tipperary. Dashed line: the county median. Grey band: the lowest to the highest county. The row of dots under each chart is every county in the selected year. Tap or drag across a chart to pick a year.
Every county, every year
A grid of all 26 counties and every year as multiples of the county median. The selected county is outlined.
House sale price
| County | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carlow | 0.98€160,422 | 0.95€128,032 | 0.95€104,824 | 1.00€98,491 | 1.09€106,000 | 1.12€118,936 | 1.07€131,152 | 1.02€142,657 | 1.06€169,431 | 1.00€171,642 | 0.98€173,335 | 0.97€188,702 | 0.96€213,011 | 0.96€233,125 | 0.95€252,000 |
| Cavan | 0.80€130,759 | 0.89€119,072 | 0.83€91,916 | 0.67€65,419 | 0.56€55,127 | 0.74€79,062 | 0.70€86,306 | 0.75€105,625 | 0.75€120,224 | 0.80€136,250 | 0.78€137,850 | 0.82€158,750 | 0.80€177,625 | 0.79€190,938 | 0.78€205,062 |
| Clare | 1.01€165,062 | 1.05€140,625 | 1.04€115,250 | 1.00€98,216 | 0.97€94,536 | 0.95€101,125 | 1.00€122,625 | 0.99€138,500 | 1.01€161,000 | 1.01€172,304 | 1.00€177,804 | 0.99€191,625 | 1.01€224,846 | 0.96€231,000 | 1.02€269,411 |
| Cork | 1.33€217,036 | 1.36€182,938 | 1.43€158,188 | 1.47€144,245 | 1.50€146,641 | 1.52€161,312 | 1.46€178,750 | 1.44€201,896 | 1.41€225,277 | 1.38€237,062 | 1.38€244,750 | 1.33€258,000 | 1.27€283,789 | 1.25€302,521 | 1.21€320,617 |
| Donegal | 0.86€140,898 | 0.89€119,375 | 0.89€98,125 | 0.83€81,451 | 0.81€78,750 | 0.82€86,750 | 0.75€92,250 | 0.74€103,750 | 0.65€103,250 | 0.66€112,500 | 0.70€124,500 | 0.68€132,500 | 0.72€160,500 | 0.71€171,375 | 0.67€177,125 |
| Dublin | 1.66€271,625 | 1.84€246,938 | 1.92€211,480 | 2.31€226,125 | 2.60€253,761 | 2.59€275,500 | 2.45€300,000 | 2.32€325,599 | 2.14€342,910 | 2.00€342,824 | 2.03€359,058 | 1.96€380,250 | 1.82€405,312 | 1.73€417,625 | 1.68€444,882 |
| Galway | 1.28€209,086 | 1.23€164,764 | 1.36€150,250 | 1.38€135,188 | 1.37€134,062 | 1.28€136,500 | 1.30€159,614 | 1.32€184,750 | 1.29€205,557 | 1.29€220,430 | 1.32€233,518 | 1.28€247,750 | 1.23€274,235 | 1.22€293,750 | 1.22€321,500 |
| Kerry | 1.11€181,625 | 1.18€158,562 | 1.22€134,124 | 1.16€114,087 | 1.10€107,313 | 1.07€113,243 | 1.01€124,294 | 0.97€135,471 | 0.95€152,375 | 0.98€168,625 | 0.94€166,625 | 1.01€195,500 | 0.99€221,134 | 0.99€238,125 | 0.95€250,792 |
| Kildare | 1.39€227,035 | 1.50€201,500 | 1.56€171,851 | 1.77€173,654 | 2.05€199,991 | 2.10€223,184 | 1.97€241,992 | 1.82€255,277 | 1.72€274,487 | 1.64€280,375 | 1.63€289,576 | 1.58€305,975 | 1.52€339,805 | 1.49€360,686 | 1.42€375,862 |
| Kilkenny | 1.05€172,128 | 1.04€140,000 | 1.11€121,969 | 1.13€111,250 | 1.15€112,250 | 1.25€132,750 | 1.28€156,625 | 1.13€158,250 | 1.14€181,625 | 1.09€186,366 | 1.10€194,188 | 1.12€216,775 | 1.07€237,775 | 1.09€263,788 | 1.12€295,319 |
| Laois | 0.92€150,922 | 0.85€113,684 | 0.79€86,937 | 0.81€79,500 | 0.85€82,700 | 1.00€106,625 | 1.00€122,562 | 1.01€142,250 | 0.96€153,472 | 1.01€173,125 | 1.00€176,529 | 1.01€195,747 | 0.98€217,634 | 1.03€248,245 | 1.00€263,072 |
| Leitrim | NS | 0.79€106,296 | 0.79€87,375 | 0.66€64,250 | 0.63€61,375 | 0.64€67,750 | 0.59€72,375 | 0.60€84,375 | 0.61€98,000 | 0.58€98,625 | 0.57€101,500 | 0.66€127,812 | 0.68€150,875 | 0.64€155,375 | 0.65€172,000 |
| Limerick | 1.06€173,542 | 1.19€160,300 | 1.27€140,250 | 1.21€119,075 | 1.01€98,461 | 1.07€113,984 | 1.01€123,375 | 1.03€144,563 | 1.08€173,143 | 1.07€183,750 | 1.11€195,926 | 1.03€199,092 | 1.04€231,375 | 1.02€246,750 | 1.05€277,414 |
| Longford | NS | NS | NS | 0.58€57,070 | 0.54€52,614 | 0.56€59,306 | 0.56€68,348 | 0.58€81,625 | 0.56€90,125 | 0.63€108,125 | 0.58€103,562 | 0.62€120,937 | 0.65€145,000 | 0.69€166,750 | 0.70€186,000 |
| Louth | 1.09€177,802 | 1.02€137,139 | 1.05€115,405 | 1.13€111,279 | 1.15€112,771 | 1.23€130,500 | 1.19€146,490 | 1.26€176,582 | 1.24€198,970 | 1.21€206,829 | 1.11€196,750 | 1.14€220,121 | 1.08€239,989 | 1.12€269,965 | 1.11€292,250 |
| Mayo | 0.93€151,386 | 0.95€127,481 | 0.96€105,938 | 0.96€93,829 | 0.86€84,438 | 0.87€92,500 | 0.76€93,500 | 0.79€110,757 | 0.75€119,250 | 0.75€128,750 | 0.73€130,216 | 0.78€151,625 | 0.78€173,312 | 0.78€188,500 | 0.75€199,250 |
| Meath | 1.28€209,295 | 1.33€179,069 | 1.37€150,750 | 1.41€138,242 | 1.60€155,838 | 1.76€187,250 | 1.68€206,155 | 1.64€230,193 | 1.54€246,101 | 1.54€264,093 | 1.46€258,454 | 1.43€276,251 | 1.36€303,911 | 1.34€324,053 | 1.28€338,570 |
| Monaghan | 0.87€142,393 | NS | NS | 0.77€75,625 | 0.86€83,563 | 0.97€102,806 | 0.91€111,812 | 0.87€121,938 | 0.85€135,250 | 0.86€147,070 | 0.75€132,750 | 0.81€157,750 | 0.87€193,265 | 0.79€192,125 | 0.81€214,375 |
| Offaly | 0.92€149,769 | 0.86€114,993 | 0.98€107,712 | 0.88€86,130 | 1.03€100,567 | 0.89€94,125 | 0.83€101,375 | 0.95€133,750 | 0.91€146,022 | 0.87€148,625 | 0.92€163,250 | 0.94€182,777 | 0.97€216,856 | 0.94€227,250 | 0.94€248,438 |
| Roscommon | 0.81€131,892 | 0.76€102,500 | 0.71€77,946 | 0.64€63,125 | 0.61€60,062 | 0.61€65,250 | 0.58€70,875 | 0.62€87,188 | 0.59€94,042 | 0.63€107,500 | 0.57€100,938 | 0.66€127,500 | 0.69€154,452 | 0.69€166,625 | 0.71€187,500 |
| Sligo | 0.91€148,011 | 0.87€117,442 | 0.86€94,455 | 0.91€89,500 | 0.99€96,900 | 0.90€95,460 | 0.71€86,500 | 0.77€108,750 | 0.68€108,267 | 0.76€129,750 | 0.69€122,500 | 0.77€148,875 | 0.79€175,500 | 0.77€185,161 | 0.84€221,000 |
| Tipperary | 0.95€154,621 | 0.96€128,750 | 0.94€103,625 | 0.91€88,932 | 0.94€91,400 | 0.95€100,809 | 0.85€104,125 | 0.82€115,500 | 0.85€136,000 | 0.83€142,875 | 0.82€144,458 | 0.88€169,806 | 0.81€181,250 | 0.82€199,337 | 0.80€212,269 |
| Waterford | 1.06€173,750 | 1.00€134,958 | 0.94€103,182 | 1.00€97,875 | 0.97€94,500 | 1.00€105,938 | 0.99€121,000 | 0.99€138,436 | 0.99€158,815 | 1.00€170,938 | 1.05€186,047 | 0.97€187,000 | 1.04€230,934 | 1.02€246,041 | 1.00€265,695 |
| Westmeath | 0.90€147,088 | 0.95€127,500 | 0.93€103,000 | 0.90€88,388 | 0.92€89,562 | 0.97€102,750 | 0.96€117,875 | 1.02€142,938 | 1.05€168,250 | 0.98€167,266 | 1.03€182,786 | 1.05€204,062 | 1.02€228,250 | 1.01€245,282 | 1.05€276,793 |
| Wexford | 0.99€161,975 | 1.00€133,844 | 1.02€112,871 | 1.01€99,312 | 1.12€109,533 | 1.11€117,875 | 1.08€132,500 | 1.07€150,258 | 1.04€166,750 | 1.02€175,500 | 1.02€180,268 | 1.06€205,268 | 1.04€231,709 | 1.02€247,037 | 1.01€266,759 |
| Wicklow | 1.59€259,875 | 1.62€217,162 | 1.74€192,240 | 1.91€187,496 | 2.23€217,688 | 2.27€241,017 | 2.15€263,823 | 2.10€294,331 | 1.90€303,375 | 1.79€307,144 | 1.78€315,698 | 1.95€378,000 | 1.74€388,922 | 1.66€400,589 | 1.57€416,300 |
Social benefits per person
| County | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carlow | 1.09€6,850 | 1.18€7,032 | 1.21€7,466 | 1.19€7,247 | 1.19€6,966 | 1.20€7,150 | 1.16€6,926 | 1.14€6,970 | 1.17€6,934 | 1.14€7,243 | 1.04€7,754 | 1.16€8,500 | 1.15€8,234 | 1.15€8,604 | 1.14€9,032 |
| Cavan | 1.06€6,636 | 0.97€5,773 | 0.94€5,816 | 0.94€5,714 | 0.94€5,532 | 0.95€5,674 | 0.94€5,625 | 0.94€5,714 | 0.95€5,623 | 0.91€5,769 | 0.90€6,736 | 0.97€7,137 | 0.98€6,995 | 0.97€7,293 | 0.94€7,424 |
| Clare | 1.01€6,337 | 0.97€5,785 | 0.95€5,873 | 0.94€5,727 | 0.94€5,518 | 0.94€5,601 | 0.92€5,521 | 0.93€5,655 | 0.94€5,601 | 0.94€5,974 | 0.99€7,401 | 0.90€6,587 | 0.92€6,576 | 0.90€6,776 | 0.88€6,929 |
| Cork | 0.97€6,082 | 0.95€5,665 | 0.94€5,787 | 0.93€5,642 | 0.92€5,400 | 0.93€5,535 | 0.84€5,056 | 0.84€5,114 | 0.91€5,421 | 0.88€5,599 | 0.90€6,765 | 0.92€6,734 | 0.90€6,427 | 0.91€6,805 | 0.91€7,178 |
| Donegal | 1.14€7,158 | 1.17€6,988 | 1.13€6,961 | 1.12€6,799 | 1.12€6,555 | 1.11€6,615 | 1.07€6,403 | 1.07€6,502 | 1.09€6,481 | 1.09€6,915 | 1.07€8,027 | 1.11€8,099 | 1.12€7,987 | 1.11€8,328 | 1.11€8,827 |
| Dublin | 0.93€5,847 | 0.95€5,680 | 0.97€5,990 | 0.96€5,847 | 0.94€5,516 | 0.94€5,586 | 0.92€5,487 | 0.90€5,475 | 0.92€5,487 | 0.89€5,618 | 0.89€6,673 | 0.85€6,233 | 0.79€5,661 | 0.81€6,102 | 0.81€6,387 |
| Galway | 1.01€6,305 | 0.99€5,890 | 0.99€6,094 | 0.99€5,988 | 0.99€5,785 | 0.99€5,894 | 0.96€5,733 | 0.95€5,821 | 0.97€5,764 | 1.00€6,329 | 1.12€8,387 | 0.91€6,647 | 0.88€6,302 | 0.88€6,628 | 0.87€6,866 |
| Kerry | 0.97€6,042 | 1.00€5,931 | 0.99€6,126 | 0.99€5,990 | 0.97€5,698 | 0.98€5,858 | 1.09€6,527 | 1.08€6,593 | 0.97€5,740 | 0.98€6,236 | 0.95€7,136 | 1.05€7,652 | 1.04€7,442 | 1.03€7,761 | 1.06€8,402 |
| Kildare | 0.80€4,997 | 0.82€4,874 | 0.85€5,249 | 0.85€5,151 | 0.84€4,917 | 0.83€4,983 | 0.82€4,931 | 0.80€4,871 | 0.81€4,791 | 0.79€5,019 | 0.78€5,843 | 0.83€6,070 | 0.79€5,647 | 0.83€6,244 | 0.84€6,668 |
| Kilkenny | 0.87€5,441 | 0.90€5,358 | 0.93€5,696 | 0.92€5,581 | 0.92€5,393 | 0.92€5,480 | 0.90€5,361 | 0.91€5,535 | 0.94€5,609 | 0.91€5,794 | 0.89€6,674 | 0.83€6,090 | 0.84€5,995 | 0.86€6,490 | 0.87€6,914 |
| Laois | 0.94€5,914 | 0.89€5,294 | 0.90€5,537 | 0.91€5,521 | 0.91€5,352 | 0.91€5,452 | 0.89€5,330 | 0.89€5,412 | 0.87€5,193 | 0.85€5,361 | 0.85€6,374 | 0.89€6,485 | 0.89€6,347 | 0.92€6,873 | 0.91€7,209 |
| Leitrim | – | 1.15€6,833 | 1.11€6,827 | 1.10€6,673 | 1.09€6,400 | 1.10€6,563 | 1.08€6,489 | 1.08€6,567 | 1.11€6,590 | 1.10€6,955 | 1.13€8,422 | 1.07€7,860 | 1.09€7,759 | 1.06€7,935 | 1.05€8,304 |
| Limerick | 1.16€7,248 | 1.16€6,918 | 1.13€6,976 | 1.12€6,773 | 1.11€6,481 | 1.11€6,634 | 1.07€6,386 | 1.07€6,508 | 1.11€6,587 | 1.10€6,949 | 1.13€8,438 | 1.04€7,584 | 1.02€7,288 | 1.02€7,661 | 1.01€7,970 |
| Longford | – | – | – | 1.17€7,075 | 1.16€6,783 | 1.15€6,840 | 1.12€6,715 | 1.15€6,983 | 1.15€6,819 | 1.12€7,119 | 1.12€8,373 | 1.16€8,493 | 1.15€8,196 | 1.11€8,325 | 1.05€8,347 |
| Louth | 1.06€6,653 | 1.07€6,383 | 1.11€6,812 | 1.11€6,712 | 1.08€6,343 | 1.07€6,416 | 1.04€6,251 | 1.03€6,261 | 1.03€6,132 | 1.02€6,458 | 1.07€8,018 | 1.10€8,088 | 1.10€7,833 | 1.13€8,511 | 1.17€9,288 |
| Mayo | 1.03€6,420 | 1.08€6,443 | 1.07€6,618 | 1.07€6,488 | 1.05€6,174 | 1.06€6,325 | 1.03€6,197 | 1.03€6,294 | 1.06€6,282 | 1.07€6,779 | 1.04€7,770 | 1.05€7,707 | 1.05€7,480 | 1.05€7,874 | 1.05€8,352 |
| Meath | 0.79€4,956 | 0.75€4,480 | 0.76€4,687 | 0.76€4,587 | 0.76€4,433 | 0.75€4,487 | 0.74€4,461 | 0.76€4,619 | 0.75€4,452 | 0.74€4,685 | 0.71€5,324 | 0.81€5,962 | 0.78€5,601 | 0.82€6,140 | 0.80€6,316 |
| Monaghan | 0.99€6,215 | – | – | 0.99€5,978 | 0.97€5,702 | 0.96€5,753 | 0.94€5,609 | 0.95€5,799 | 0.98€5,834 | 0.95€6,052 | 0.95€7,121 | 0.98€7,206 | 0.94€6,752 | 0.97€7,243 | 0.95€7,514 |
| Offaly | 0.97€6,057 | 1.00€5,988 | 1.01€6,189 | 1.01€6,143 | 1.01€5,936 | 1.01€6,042 | 0.98€5,881 | 0.96€5,868 | 0.99€5,871 | 0.99€6,269 | 1.01€7,550 | 1.01€7,364 | 1.02€7,267 | 1.04€7,818 | 1.07€8,462 |
| Roscommon | 0.96€6,010 | 0.96€5,739 | 0.96€5,912 | 0.96€5,850 | 0.97€5,695 | 0.98€5,832 | 0.95€5,714 | 0.99€6,037 | 1.02€6,044 | 1.03€6,541 | 1.03€7,689 | 0.99€7,258 | 0.97€6,952 | 0.95€7,139 | 0.94€7,417 |
| Sligo | 1.01€6,342 | 1.08€6,424 | 1.05€6,464 | 1.05€6,352 | 1.05€6,131 | 1.06€6,333 | 1.04€6,249 | 1.08€6,592 | 1.09€6,490 | 1.09€6,887 | 1.07€8,027 | 0.99€7,277 | 0.98€7,032 | 0.98€7,346 | 0.99€7,864 |
| Tipperary | 1.10€6,915 | 1.10€6,579 | 1.09€6,713 | 1.09€6,624 | 1.08€6,346 | 1.09€6,484 | 1.21€7,249 | 1.17€7,105 | 1.11€6,571 | 1.10€6,955 | 0.92€6,889 | 1.08€7,906 | 1.09€7,812 | 1.10€8,244 | 1.11€8,758 |
| Waterford | 1.01€6,335 | 1.10€6,569 | 1.13€6,958 | 1.13€6,832 | 1.13€6,613 | 1.12€6,713 | 1.09€6,506 | 1.11€6,786 | 1.12€6,636 | 1.09€6,931 | 1.11€8,309 | 1.08€7,903 | 1.07€7,644 | 1.07€8,012 | 1.05€8,304 |
| Westmeath | 0.99€6,173 | 1.02€6,106 | 1.03€6,336 | 1.04€6,315 | 1.04€6,091 | 1.04€6,228 | 1.02€6,096 | 1.01€6,154 | 1.01€6,003 | 1.00€6,353 | 0.92€6,897 | 1.06€7,734 | 1.04€7,444 | 1.06€7,965 | 1.06€8,386 |
| Wexford | 1.09€6,844 | 1.11€6,635 | 1.13€6,984 | 1.13€6,864 | 1.13€6,599 | 1.13€6,738 | 1.09€6,536 | 1.06€6,489 | 1.09€6,453 | 1.08€6,825 | 1.02€7,621 | 1.12€8,177 | 1.09€7,812 | 1.08€8,115 | 1.08€8,540 |
| Wicklow | 0.82€5,118 | 0.89€5,329 | 0.92€5,680 | 0.93€5,635 | 0.92€5,421 | 0.93€5,547 | 0.91€5,460 | 0.89€5,454 | 0.92€5,478 | 0.93€5,886 | 0.92€6,887 | 0.91€6,661 | 0.89€6,384 | 0.95€7,134 | 0.98€7,771 |
Disposable income per person
| County | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carlow | 1.07€17,982 | 1.08€18,788 | 1.11€19,676 | 1.11€19,596 | 1.13€20,138 | 1.12€20,951 | 1.12€21,437 | 1.12€22,554 | 1.12€22,801 | 1.10€23,484 | 1.06€23,615 | 1.11€25,220 | 1.13€26,633 | 1.10€28,596 | 1.11€30,712 |
| Cavan | 1.12€18,932 | 0.98€16,997 | 0.98€17,379 | 0.98€17,362 | 1.00€17,773 | 1.00€18,589 | 0.99€18,977 | 0.99€19,867 | 0.99€20,209 | 0.94€20,225 | 0.95€21,240 | 0.98€22,279 | 0.99€23,257 | 0.97€25,088 | 0.96€26,471 |
| Clare | 1.13€19,120 | 1.02€17,634 | 1.10€19,616 | 1.00€17,649 | 1.00€17,761 | 1.00€18,653 | 1.00€19,125 | 1.00€20,171 | 1.00€20,342 | 0.99€21,283 | 1.00€22,295 | 0.96€21,815 | 0.98€22,991 | 0.94€24,446 | 0.93€25,626 |
| Cork | 1.17€19,730 | 1.10€19,170 | 1.10€19,584 | 1.10€19,481 | 1.10€19,580 | 1.11€20,695 | 1.11€21,146 | 1.11€22,279 | 1.13€22,933 | 1.12€23,917 | 1.11€24,865 | 1.14€25,819 | 1.15€27,050 | 1.11€28,799 | 1.11€30,748 |
| Donegal | 0.93€15,669 | 0.89€15,495 | 0.88€15,623 | 0.87€15,444 | 0.88€15,605 | 0.87€16,205 | 0.85€16,304 | 0.84€16,900 | 0.86€17,410 | 0.86€18,436 | 0.87€19,504 | 0.87€19,802 | 0.90€21,117 | 0.89€23,022 | 0.89€24,686 |
| Dublin | 1.13€19,059 | 1.07€18,659 | 1.07€18,963 | 1.07€18,997 | 1.06€18,840 | 1.06€19,819 | 1.10€21,029 | 1.11€22,258 | 1.14€23,223 | 1.16€24,919 | 1.15€25,700 | 1.21€27,437 | 1.23€28,877 | 1.21€31,454 | 1.23€33,889 |
| Galway | 1.12€18,848 | 1.04€17,983 | 1.06€18,738 | 1.07€18,911 | 1.08€19,190 | 1.08€20,227 | 1.09€20,720 | 1.08€21,652 | 1.10€22,332 | 1.09€23,364 | 1.13€25,235 | 1.10€24,854 | 1.10€25,890 | 1.07€27,759 | 1.08€29,807 |
| Kerry | 1.02€17,211 | 1.01€17,508 | 0.99€17,663 | 0.99€17,513 | 0.99€17,528 | 0.99€18,490 | 1.03€19,608 | 1.02€20,575 | 0.98€19,856 | 0.98€21,053 | 0.96€21,408 | 1.00€22,596 | 1.04€24,522 | 1.00€25,967 | 0.99€27,422 |
| Kildare | 0.98€16,509 | 0.96€16,656 | 0.97€17,198 | 0.98€17,277 | 0.97€17,323 | 0.98€18,316 | 1.01€19,333 | 1.00€20,143 | 1.01€20,644 | 1.01€21,712 | 1.00€22,388 | 1.02€23,186 | 1.02€24,053 | 1.05€27,261 | 1.11€30,612 |
| Kilkenny | 0.97€16,369 | 0.96€16,757 | 0.99€17,645 | 1.00€17,729 | 1.00€17,842 | 1.00€18,698 | 1.00€19,065 | 1.01€20,262 | 1.00€20,382 | 0.98€21,034 | 0.97€21,603 | 0.95€21,477 | 0.99€23,209 | 1.00€25,922 | 1.01€27,910 |
| Laois | 0.94€15,921 | 0.86€14,881 | 0.85€15,030 | 0.85€15,011 | 0.85€15,187 | 0.86€15,993 | 0.87€16,538 | 0.87€17,375 | 0.86€17,498 | 0.89€19,023 | 0.86€19,203 | 0.87€19,628 | 0.87€20,606 | 0.89€22,986 | 0.91€25,270 |
| Leitrim | – | 1.01€17,482 | 1.01€17,846 | 1.00€17,734 | 1.01€17,911 | 1.00€18,632 | 1.00€19,064 | 0.98€19,770 | 1.00€20,409 | 0.99€21,138 | 1.01€22,630 | 0.99€22,518 | 0.98€23,097 | 0.93€24,150 | 0.90€24,960 |
| Limerick | 1.19€20,126 | 1.10€19,039 | 1.07€19,032 | 1.08€19,056 | 1.08€19,102 | 1.08€20,136 | 1.08€20,693 | 1.10€22,016 | 1.10€22,387 | 1.09€23,440 | 1.11€24,722 | 1.11€25,130 | 1.12€26,379 | 1.10€28,622 | 1.12€30,879 |
| Longford | – | – | – | 0.92€16,288 | 0.92€16,294 | 0.91€16,882 | 0.91€17,399 | 0.91€18,324 | 0.91€18,498 | 0.90€19,207 | 0.93€20,637 | 0.94€21,238 | 0.91€21,525 | 0.88€22,938 | 0.86€23,725 |
| Louth | 0.98€16,502 | 0.93€16,131 | 0.94€16,720 | 0.94€16,652 | 0.93€16,516 | 0.93€17,296 | 0.94€17,932 | 0.93€18,726 | 0.94€19,097 | 0.95€20,274 | 0.97€21,612 | 0.99€22,380 | 1.00€23,454 | 1.03€26,654 | 1.11€30,542 |
| Mayo | 1.00€16,941 | 1.00€17,301 | 1.02€18,167 | 1.02€18,031 | 1.02€18,119 | 1.01€18,845 | 1.00€19,021 | 0.98€19,766 | 1.00€20,278 | 1.01€21,584 | 1.01€22,474 | 1.00€22,685 | 1.00€23,641 | 1.00€25,855 | 0.99€27,343 |
| Meath | 0.98€16,558 | 0.90€15,635 | 0.90€16,067 | 0.91€16,136 | 0.92€16,269 | 0.92€17,209 | 0.94€17,930 | 0.94€18,937 | 0.95€19,371 | 0.95€20,357 | 0.93€20,734 | 0.95€21,521 | 0.94€22,174 | 0.95€24,742 | 0.96€26,575 |
| Monaghan | 1.00€16,794 | – | – | 0.97€17,193 | 0.99€17,512 | 0.98€18,220 | 0.97€18,604 | 0.97€19,463 | 0.98€20,009 | 0.96€20,518 | 0.97€21,746 | 0.99€22,350 | 1.00€23,456 | 0.98€25,458 | 0.97€26,908 |
| Offaly | 0.88€14,849 | 0.88€15,323 | 0.87€15,414 | 0.87€15,419 | 0.87€15,404 | 0.86€16,109 | 0.87€16,552 | 0.86€17,271 | 0.91€18,481 | 0.88€18,770 | 0.90€20,153 | 0.90€20,355 | 0.92€21,637 | 0.94€24,332 | 0.98€26,969 |
| Roscommon | 0.99€16,643 | 0.95€16,481 | 0.98€17,367 | 0.97€17,228 | 0.98€17,429 | 0.98€18,245 | 0.97€18,520 | 0.97€19,403 | 0.97€19,792 | 0.98€21,094 | 1.00€22,323 | 0.98€22,153 | 0.96€22,541 | 0.92€23,741 | 0.89€24,685 |
| Sligo | 0.99€16,738 | 1.05€18,269 | 1.03€18,198 | 1.02€18,062 | 1.02€18,145 | 1.02€19,012 | 1.02€19,384 | 1.01€20,310 | 1.01€20,655 | 1.02€21,860 | 1.04€23,186 | 1.01€22,876 | 1.00€23,464 | 0.97€25,197 | 0.97€26,887 |
| Tipperary | 1.20€20,237 | 1.12€19,495 | 1.10€19,576 | 1.12€19,710 | 1.11€19,765 | 1.11€20,628 | 1.14€21,857 | 1.13€22,728 | 1.09€22,141 | 1.08€23,201 | 1.03€23,031 | 1.09€24,678 | 1.12€26,355 | 1.10€28,659 | 1.11€30,654 |
| Waterford | 1.01€16,969 | 1.05€18,231 | 1.09€19,365 | 1.07€18,935 | 1.07€19,094 | 1.07€19,983 | 1.05€20,130 | 1.07€21,519 | 1.06€21,678 | 1.06€22,706 | 1.06€23,686 | 1.06€24,054 | 1.06€25,005 | 1.07€27,706 | 1.07€29,443 |
| Westmeath | 0.97€16,299 | 0.97€16,777 | 0.95€16,910 | 0.96€16,911 | 0.95€16,960 | 0.96€17,908 | 0.97€18,495 | 0.96€19,363 | 0.96€19,557 | 1.01€21,618 | 0.96€21,520 | 1.02€23,198 | 1.03€24,214 | 1.03€26,617 | 1.05€29,079 |
| Wexford | 1.07€17,978 | 1.00€17,438 | 1.02€18,094 | 1.03€18,204 | 1.04€18,413 | 1.03€19,294 | 1.03€19,614 | 1.02€20,579 | 1.02€20,739 | 1.01€21,680 | 0.99€22,081 | 1.02€23,138 | 1.03€24,321 | 1.01€26,308 | 1.01€27,817 |
| Wicklow | 0.96€16,178 | 0.99€17,111 | 0.99€17,561 | 1.00€17,695 | 1.00€17,743 | 1.01€18,746 | 1.01€19,346 | 1.00€20,031 | 1.01€20,617 | 1.04€22,351 | 1.03€22,945 | 1.03€23,271 | 1.04€24,581 | 1.05€27,323 | 1.09€30,235 |
Jobs per 1,000 residents
| County | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carlow | 0.66251 | 0.67245 | 0.74267 | 1.13403 | 0.94343 | 1.04409 | 1.18469 | 1.13457 | 0.92376 | 1.03430 | 1.06412 | 0.99418 | 1.13499 | 1.05478 | 1.06491 |
| Cavan | 0.89336 | 0.93344 | 1.20432 | 1.05374 | 1.01372 | 1.01398 | 1.17466 | 1.25505 | 0.98402 | 0.96403 | 0.84328 | 0.96408 | 0.86383 | 0.83378 | 0.92426 |
| Clare | 1.04392 | 1.29474 | 1.27457 | 1.17415 | 1.03376 | 1.11434 | 1.07428 | 1.11451 | 1.00411 | 1.00420 | 0.99387 | 1.02433 | 0.95420 | 0.95433 | 1.03474 |
| Cork | 1.20453 | 1.18437 | 1.25451 | 1.30463 | 1.21444 | 1.17460 | 1.20477 | 1.22496 | 1.21498 | 1.23518 | 1.18461 | 1.13477 | 1.18523 | 1.17533 | 1.18543 |
| Donegal | 0.70263 | 0.70259 | 0.67242 | 0.95339 | 0.99361 | 0.91357 | 0.92366 | 0.99402 | 1.00410 | 0.98410 | 0.90351 | 0.92389 | 1.01448 | 1.04475 | 1.03475 |
| Dublin | 1.36515 | 1.37505 | 1.40503 | 1.46517 | 1.40511 | 1.35530 | 1.40556 | 1.40569 | 1.45595 | 1.47618 | 1.42551 | 1.39588 | 1.41626 | 1.41643 | 1.44665 |
| Galway | 1.21457 | 1.20441 | 1.20432 | 1.27453 | 1.20438 | 1.03403 | 1.15456 | 1.23500 | 1.20491 | 1.22512 | 1.21470 | 1.19503 | 1.21538 | 1.21554 | 1.25578 |
| Kerry | 0.97368 | 0.98362 | 0.94340 | 1.03366 | 0.91334 | 0.87343 | 0.87345 | 0.83339 | 0.92377 | 0.81340 | 1.01391 | 1.01425 | 0.96426 | 1.05479 | 1.11510 |
| Kildare | 1.11418 | 1.17430 | 1.26455 | 1.00355 | 0.89326 | 0.94369 | 0.99392 | 0.95385 | 1.01415 | 1.03431 | 0.94364 | 0.90379 | 0.96426 | 0.95434 | 1.02469 |
| Kilkenny | 0.87327 | 0.63234 | 0.69250 | 1.00355 | 1.19437 | 1.05411 | 1.01403 | 1.06431 | 1.07439 | 1.09458 | 1.11433 | 1.17493 | 1.13501 | 1.02468 | 1.08497 |
| Laois | 0.58220 | 0.68252 | 0.64231 | 0.76269 | 0.77282 | 0.66260 | 0.90359 | 1.01409 | 0.87355 | 0.91380 | 0.98380 | 0.91383 | 0.86383 | 0.88403 | 0.87403 |
| Leitrim | – | 1.29475 | 0.98352 | 0.99352 | 0.88321 | 0.93365 | 1.22487 | 0.99403 | 0.90371 | 0.86362 | 0.77301 | 0.70295 | 0.70310 | 0.87398 | 0.84386 |
| Limerick | 1.28482 | 1.20443 | 1.26455 | 1.28455 | 1.25457 | 1.11435 | 1.22485 | 1.25508 | 1.25515 | 1.22513 | 1.14445 | 1.12475 | 1.18525 | 1.25571 | 1.34616 |
| Longford | – | – | – | 0.95336 | 0.96352 | 0.62245 | 0.62247 | 0.85345 | 0.86352 | 0.80335 | 0.76297 | 1.13479 | 1.18524 | 1.12513 | 0.98453 |
| Louth | 1.05395 | 1.10404 | 1.02369 | 1.10390 | 1.02372 | 1.06416 | 0.84334 | 1.04421 | 1.07440 | 1.04434 | 0.97377 | 1.06449 | 1.03458 | 0.98448 | 0.98451 |
| Mayo | 0.77292 | 0.79290 | 0.87315 | 0.97345 | 0.88323 | 0.95371 | 0.96383 | 0.89361 | 0.94386 | 0.95398 | 1.01391 | 0.91386 | 0.99439 | 1.01462 | 0.91421 |
| Meath | 0.74281 | 0.57211 | 0.71257 | 0.81286 | 0.82300 | 0.67264 | 0.55220 | 0.70285 | 0.83341 | 0.86362 | 0.81315 | 0.79335 | 0.81357 | 0.84384 | 0.83383 |
| Monaghan | 1.39524 | – | – | 1.33473 | 1.45529 | 1.46573 | 1.50596 | 1.12456 | 1.14469 | 1.16485 | 1.20467 | 1.14482 | 0.99438 | 0.97444 | 0.83384 |
| Offaly | 0.96363 | 0.96352 | 0.92330 | 0.75265 | 0.83303 | 0.93363 | 0.85339 | 0.93378 | 0.86351 | 0.83350 | 0.88342 | 0.82345 | 0.74326 | 0.83381 | 0.88404 |
| Roscommon | 1.00379 | 1.10404 | 1.08389 | 1.00354 | 0.94346 | 0.96378 | 0.63249 | 0.71287 | 0.85350 | 0.92387 | 0.85332 | 0.91383 | 0.75332 | 0.88403 | 0.97445 |
| Sligo | 1.29488 | 1.02375 | 0.78281 | 0.98349 | 1.03375 | 1.17458 | 0.91362 | 1.14461 | 1.17481 | 1.25525 | 1.19463 | 1.15487 | 1.21536 | 1.13517 | 1.13521 |
| Tipperary | 0.73277 | 0.84309 | 0.81293 | 0.98349 | 1.03376 | 0.99386 | 0.96382 | 0.94380 | 0.99406 | 1.00419 | 1.04404 | 0.99420 | 1.01450 | 0.98450 | 0.98453 |
| Waterford | 1.47555 | 1.53563 | 1.41509 | 1.20425 | 1.20438 | 1.18461 | 1.32525 | 1.13458 | 1.07438 | 1.09456 | 1.03400 | 1.03434 | 1.16513 | 1.07487 | 1.15530 |
| Westmeath | 1.26477 | 1.19440 | 1.11400 | 1.32469 | 1.10401 | 1.20470 | 1.01403 | 0.82332 | 1.22500 | 1.25525 | 1.21472 | 1.13477 | 1.30576 | 1.14520 | 1.12514 |
| Wexford | 1.00376 | 0.98363 | 1.03373 | 0.95337 | 0.85312 | 0.83325 | 0.79316 | 0.89360 | 1.02419 | 0.94395 | 0.92356 | 0.83349 | 0.79350 | 0.99452 | 0.92425 |
| Wicklow | 0.68258 | 0.88323 | 0.57206 | 0.82293 | 0.83305 | 0.80313 | 1.10436 | 0.90366 | 0.74304 | 0.84352 | 0.84327 | 0.78329 | 0.84371 | 0.88401 | 0.84388 |
The same numbers, as a table
| Year | House sale price | Social benefits per person | Disposable income per person | Jobs per 1,000 residents | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| County | County median | Multiple · difference · rank | County | County median | Multiple · difference · rank | County | County median | Multiple · difference · rank | County | County median | Multiple · difference · rank | |
| 2010 | €154,621 | €163,519 | ×0.95 · -5.4% · 15 of 24 | €6,915 | €6,260 | ×1.10 · +10.5% · 3 of 24 | €20,237 | €16,867 | ×1.20 · +20.0% · 1 of 24 | 277 | 378 | ×0.73 · -26.6% · 20 of 24 |
| 2011 | €128,750 | €134,401 | ×0.96 · -4.2% · 14 of 24 | €6,579 | €5,960 | ×1.10 · +10.4% · 6 of 24 | €19,495 | €17,369 | ×1.12 · +12.2% · 1 of 24 | 309 | 369 | ×0.84 · -16.1% · 18 of 24 |
| 2012 | €103,625 | €110,292 | ×0.94 · -6.0% · 16 of 24 | €6,713 | €6,157 | ×1.09 · +9.0% · 8 of 24 | €19,576 | €17,754 | ×1.10 · +10.3% · 4 of 24 | 293 | 360 | ×0.81 · -18.7% · 17 of 24 |
| 2013 | €88,932 | €98,046 | ×0.91 · -9.3% · 17 of 26 | €6,624 | €6,067 | ×1.09 · +9.2% · 9 of 26 | €19,710 | €17,672 | ×1.12 · +11.5% · 1 of 26 | 349 | 355 | ×0.98 · -1.8% · 17 of 26 |
| 2014 | €91,400 | €97,680 | ×0.94 · -6.4% · 17 of 26 | €6,346 | €5,861 | ×1.08 · +8.3% · 8 of 26 | €19,765 | €17,767 | ×1.11 · +11.2% · 2 of 26 | 376 | 366 | ×1.03 · +2.7% · 10 of 26 |
| 2015 | €100,809 | €106,281 | ×0.95 · -5.1% · 18 of 26 | €6,484 | €5,968 | ×1.09 · +8.6% · 8 of 26 | €20,628 | €18,642 | ×1.11 · +10.7% · 3 of 26 | 386 | 392 | ×0.99 · -1.5% · 14 of 26 |
| 2016 | €104,125 | €122,594 | ×0.85 · -15.1% · 18 of 26 | €7,249 | €5,989 | ×1.21 · +21.0% · 1 of 26 | €21,857 | €19,095 | ×1.14 · +14.5% · 1 of 26 | 382 | 398 | ×0.96 · -3.9% · 16 of 26 |
| 2017 | €115,500 | €140,375 | ×0.82 · -17.7% · 19 of 26 | €7,105 | €6,095 | ×1.17 · +16.6% · 1 of 26 | €22,728 | €20,087 | ×1.13 · +13.1% · 1 of 26 | 380 | 406 | ×0.94 · -6.2% · 17 of 26 |
| 2018 | €136,000 | €159,908 | ×0.85 · -15.0% · 18 of 26 | €6,571 | €5,937 | ×1.11 · +10.7% · 6 of 26 | €22,141 | €20,362 | ×1.09 · +8.7% · 6 of 26 | 406 | 410 | ×0.99 · -1.1% · 15 of 26 |
| 2019 | €142,875 | €171,290 | ×0.83 · -16.6% · 19 of 26 | €6,955 | €6,341 | ×1.10 · +9.7% · 3 of 26 | €23,201 | €21,433 | ×1.08 · +8.2% · 6 of 26 | 419 | 420 | ×1.00 · -0.1% · 14 of 26 |
| 2020 | €144,458 | €177,167 | ×0.82 · -18.5% · 18 of 26 | €6,889 | €7,476 | ×0.92 · -7.8% · 18 of 26 | €23,031 | €22,309 | ×1.03 · +3.2% · 8 of 26 | 404 | 389 | ×1.04 · +3.8% · 10 of 26 |
| 2021 | €169,806 | €193,562 | ×0.88 · -12.3% · 18 of 26 | €7,906 | €7,320 | ×1.08 · +8.0% · 6 of 26 | €24,678 | €22,641 | ×1.09 · +9.0% · 6 of 26 | 420 | 422 | ×0.99 · -0.6% · 14 of 26 |
| 2022 | €181,250 | €222,990 | ×0.81 · -18.7% · 19 of 26 | €7,812 | €7,149 | ×1.09 · +9.3% · 5 of 26 | €26,355 | €23,553 | ×1.12 · +11.9% · 5 of 26 | 450 | 443 | ×1.01 · +1.5% · 12 of 26 |
| 2023 | €199,337 | €241,703 | ×0.82 · -17.5% · 18 of 26 | €8,244 | €7,503 | ×1.10 · +9.9% · 5 of 26 | €28,659 | €25,944 | ×1.10 · +10.5% · 3 of 26 | 450 | 457 | ×0.98 · -1.6% · 15 of 26 |
| 2024 | €212,269 | €264,384 | ×0.80 · -19.7% · 20 of 26 | €8,758 | €7,917 | ×1.11 · +10.6% · 4 of 26 | €30,654 | €27,619 | ×1.11 · +11.0% · 5 of 26 | 453 | 461 | ×0.98 · -1.8% · 15 of 26 |
Years not drawn (a measure was missing; nothing is estimated): 2006 (missing sale_price); 2007 (missing sale_price); 2008 (missing sale_price); 2009 (missing sale_price); 2025 (missing social_benefits_per_person, disposable_income_per_person, persons_at_work); 2026 (missing sale_price, social_benefits_per_person, disposable_income_per_person, persons_at_work).
How to read this
Each point is one year. In the 3D view, each axis is a value divided by that year's county median on a log scale: the centre is the median, ×2 is double it and ÷2 is half. Axes: house sale price, social benefits per person, disposable income per person; every grid line is a labelled multiple. Social benefits per person is a modelled CSO estimate, and a position on it says only where a county sits against the median. Jobs per 1,000 residents is kept as an extra measure in the panels, table, heat grid and map, not in the 3D view, because a few small counties swing sharply in the published figures. The flat views (Price × Benefits and so on) look straight at two measures at a time. Move the year control, or tap any chart, row or year heading, to see where every county sat in that year.
- Money axes are shown as published (nominal), not adjusted for inflation, so changes over time include price inflation.
- Employment is a CSO county estimate of persons at work (table RAA02, published in thousands) shown per 1,000 residents. Some small counties swing sharply from one year to the next in the published figures; they are shown as published, not corrected.
- Only years where all three measures exist are drawn; other years are listed as dropped, not estimated.
- Shows how three measures moved together, not why; no axis is better or worse.
- The county median is worked out separately for each measure across the counties (with 26 counties, the average of the 13th and 14th values). It is not a real county, no county sits at it, it is not weighted by population (a small county counts as much as Dublin) and it is not the typical resident.
- In the 3D view and the shape tiles each axis is a value divided by that year's county median, on a log scale, so ×2 and ÷2 are equally far from the centre. Each axis has a fixed range taken from every county and year; it never rescales as the year changes.
- The grey band is the range between the lowest and highest county each year, not a confidence interval.
- Rank is a position by value (1 = highest; tied values share the higher rank). It does not say a higher or lower position is better.
- Measures shown together are not claimed to affect each other.
- Nothing here groups counties into clusters; with 26 counties and three measures a grouping would be fragile.
- Dots are drawn at one fixed size on screen; size never carries a value. Play moves between years, but every number on the page belongs to a year: none is shown for an in-between moment.